A vulnerability is a weakness or flaw in a system, application, network, or process that can be exploited by a threat actor to gain unauthorized access, disrupt operations, or compromise data. Vulnerabilities can exist in software code, hardware design, network configurations, or even organizational procedures.
Types of Vulnerabilities
- Software vulnerabilities: Bugs or coding errors that attackers can exploit (e.g., buffer overflows, SQL injection).
- Hardware vulnerabilities: Design flaws in chips or physical components (e.g., Spectre, Meltdown).
- Network vulnerabilities: Misconfigured firewalls, open ports, or insecure protocols.
- Human vulnerabilities: Social engineering, weak passwords, or lack of security awareness.
Examples
- An outdated web server with unpatched software that allows remote code execution.
- A misconfigured database accessible without authentication.
- Employees reusing passwords across multiple systems.
Why Vulnerabilities Matter
Vulnerabilities are the entry points for cyberattacks. When exploited, they can lead to data breaches, ransomware infections, and compliance violations. Effective vulnerability management — including regular scanning, patching, and monitoring — is essential for maintaining a strong security posture and meeting standards like SOC 2, PCI DSS, and ISO 27001.
Related Terms
- Threat
- Exploit
- Patch Management
- Vulnerability Assessment
- Penetration Testing